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References
Panel 1
Workers in a sugar cane field sowing potatoes, a compatible crop, likely near the Central State Farm in Sugar Land (Houston Chronicle, March 2019)
Background graphic of sugar cubes. Sugar is called “white gold.” It has a barbaric history, historians note, and it fueled slavery. (New York Times, August 14, 2019).
Panel 2
Sugar cane harvesters in Jamaica, 1891. Photo by Valentine and Sons
Sugar cane harvesters at the Imperial Sugar Company mill, circa 1900. Source: Sugar Land Heritage Foundation
A Fate Worse Than Slavery, Unearthed in Sugar Land – The New York Times – October 27th 2018 by Brent Staples
Panel 3
Texas Highways – Karankawa Descendants are Reviving by John Nova Lomax- From the June 2022 issue
East Texas Historical Journal – Volume 31- Issue 2 – The Indian Policy of Stephen F. Austin 10-1993
Panel 4
https://www.revisionist.net/
Inside the Nueces Massacre, When Confederate Soldiers Murdered German Immigrants for Opposing Slavery by Marco Margaritoff – September 17th 2021
Panel 6
American History, Race and Prison, from the Reimagining Prison Web Report, By Ruth Delaney, Ram Subramanian, Alison Shanes and Nicolas Turner of Vera.org, October 2018
New York University Law Review, Vol. 94, No. 6, Dec. 2019
Panel 7
Sugarland Heritage Foundation – July 27th 2017
Texas State Historical Association – Terry, Benjamin Franklin by Kenneth W. Hobbs
Lost Texas Roads – Edward Hall Cunningham –https://losttexasroads.com/
The Hidden Confederate History of the Texas capital: An Unofficial Guide by Kelsey Jukam, John Savage and Alisa Semien 2/17/2015
Panel 8
Hell Hole on the Brazos
A Historic Resources Study of Central State Farm, Fort Bend County Texas
by Amy E. Dase – September 2004
Fear, Force and Leather – The Texas Prison System’s First Hundred Years – 1848-1948
Panel 9
Unloading sugar cane. Source: Rice University | Convict Leasing in Texas
https://www.thestoryoftexas.
Panel 10
The Sugar that saturates the American diet has a barbaric history as the “white gold” that fueled slavery – The New York Times – by Khalil Gibran Muhammad August 14th 2019
Panel 11
https://www.vera.org/news/the-
Echoes of slavery—and the white supremacy that fueled it—continue to reverberate through the U.S. criminal legal system. By Kica Matos Former Vice President, Initiatives // Jamila Hodge Former Project Director- Jun 17, 2021
Panel 11
Panel 12
Source: Shane Bauer, author of “American Prison” page 170
All Black Cemeteries Matter: Tell the Truth of the Sugar Land 95 by Bob Brinkman, Historical Marker Program Coordinator, Texas Historical Commission
